These surface mining methods are considered to be more efficient and economical in extracting minerals as compared to most methods of underground mining. A highly productive underground mining method, longwall mining is used in a large horizontal spread of thinbedded deposits of uniform thickness usually ranging from 0. This method is used to recover resources in open stopes. While design methods for excavating in a weak rock mass do exist 2, they are geared to caving operations. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. Room and pillar mining in this method, mining is carried out in an ore deposit, leaving behind some of the ore in the form of columns to support the roof and prevent it from collapsing. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal. New technology has enabled greater productivity and safer mining in underground operations, which has also helped decrease the cost of such production methods. A very crude guide to support selection is given in table 1. The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. Mine waste management mining and money a future of mining. Used a lot by south african gold mining companies, this method can be used in both soft and hard rocks as the working area along the mining face can be supported artificially in places where the hanging wall shows a tendency to collapse. Grade control sampling methods in underground gold mines. In each of these mining methods, various earthmoving equipment including shovels, dozers, hauling trucks, and loaders are used to remove and transport the ore.
It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. The ore is crushed underground to 15 cm and shipped to the concentrator. Depending on the mining method, a working section can have one or more working faces. Deep underground hardrock mining bibliotheque et archives. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. For this reason, surface mining is the most widely used method in north america.
Here are the types of underground mining and their. Room and pillar mining is a style of mining where tunnels are driven in a chess board pattern with massive square pillars between them which are gradually cut. Mining methods primarily use vertical block mining vbm, a slotslash method, with vertical blocks averaging 100 ft in height, and cut and fill mining. Get underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies pdf file for free from our online library. A brief introduction to the types of surface mining methods. Types of underground mining and their applications youtube. In this selection some of the parameters such as geological and geotechnical properties, economic parameters and geographical factors are involved. The rest of the coal is left in place in the form of pillars that hold up the roof and prevent.
Layout 2 was also compared to conventional mining and it was concluded to be more economically feasible. Types of underground mining and their applications. Underground coal mining methods and engineering dust controls. In fact, it can extract almost 90% of ore from a deposit. Team lead minex, india slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Read online now underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies ebook pdf at our library. Types of underground mining underground mining for coal is conducted by either room and pillar mining or longwall mining. At such depths, the heat is unbearable for humans, and air conditioning is required for the safety of the workers. Bordandpillar mining has some favourable promises such as improving labour difficulties, lowering operating costs and. Ataei synopsis mining method selection is the first and most important problem in mine design. The other principal method of modern mining, longwall mining, had been introduced as early as the 17th century and had found general use by the 19th century, but it had long been less productive than roomandpillar mining.
Openpit mining involves removing the layers of sand and rock found just above the kimberlite. Active rock reinforcement underground mines use two principal types of rock reinforcement tensioned. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. For stratified deposits the vast majority of underground mines extracting tabular forms of orebodies coal, potash, salt, limestone, etc. It set of longwall mining equipment consists of a coal shear er mounted on convey or operating. The underground mining methods we use include room and pillar, narrow vein stoping and largescale mechanised mining. Solution mining includes both borehole mining, such as the methods used to extrac t sodium chloride or sulfur, and leaching, either through drillholes or in dumps or heap s on the surface. This method is called underground mining, whose types are explained below. The hazardous nature of small scale underground mining in. Underground mining has a lower ground footprint than open pit mining. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore. The panels are the working sections of the production operation. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. Once the ore is broken, excavators load the ore into.
Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision making tools by m. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the mines, mains, submains, panels, and working faces. Water control in underground mines grouting or drainage. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for. Grade control staff should be welltrained and motivated, and mining staff should understand the need for grade control. Underground sampling methods include chip and channel samples. To achieve quality samples, collection techniques employed should minimise delimitation, extraction and preparation errors. Actual layouts underground could be variations of any one system or a combination of the two arrangements. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel.
The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Both methods have advantages and limitations and their. The topics open pit mining underground mining mining equipment mining operations mining methods 3. Once exposed, the ore in the pit is broken up by blasting. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods. In room and pillar mining, approximately 50 percent of the coal is removed, using a continuous miner, from areas known as rooms. Underground mining methods previous next the choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and.
However the latter is a proven mining method in these conditions and has a lower risk operational failure. In this selective mining method, the void created by mining is backfilled with a mixture of waste rock or tailings with cement sometimes added to strengthen the mixture, which helps support the walls of the empty space. Modifying the mining method and introducing new, more powerful machines are actions that should raise the efficiency of work procedures. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. There are two types of pipe mining, namely openpit mining and underground mining. In order to work the underground rock mass, infrastructure is required for access to work places, ore production, power supply, transport of. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Pdf underground mining methods the method is similar to cut and fill mining with the ex ception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used t o support the surrounding rock and as a platform from. However, the first step is to loosen the rock in the ore body so that it can be moved and processed. The primary mining method used in nevada is a form. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on many technological, economic, and social factors.
Ramps inclined tunnels are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. Underground mining methods glossary bolting drilling a hole, and inserting a bolt to strengthen the ceiling and walls of an underground mine crusher a machine used to crush ore before it is transported drift a horizontal underground tunnel that follows a vein or ore body. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel stoping, cutandfill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, block caving, backfill. Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. The choice of the type of support installed in a particular underground excavation depends upon the extent of the zone of loosened or fractured rock surrounding that excavation. The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig.
643 722 1261 1046 858 423 774 1194 208 799 685 402 232 455 1137 1092 637 786 245 431 347 792 506 1456 1141 1457 1477 1382 926 1106 394